According to Jones-Smith, which levels of identity does everyone have?

The correct answer is grounded in Jones-Smith's framework, which identifies levels of identity as individual, group, and universal. Each of these levels is essential in understanding how personal identity is shaped and influenced.

The individual level pertains to personal attributes, experiences, and characteristics that define a person. This encompasses aspects like personal history, beliefs, and values, which contribute to one's self-concept.

The group level emphasizes the influence of social identities, which are based on affiliations with specific groups, such as family, ethnicity, nationality, and other social categories. This level highlights how group dynamics and interactions can impact an individual's sense of self and belonging.

The universal level speaks to the broader, shared aspects of identity that cut across cultures and societies. It reflects the human experience as a whole and recognizes common traits and shared identities that unite people beyond individual and group distinctions.

By emphasizing these three levels, Jones-Smith's framework provides a holistic view of identity that is useful in counseling and understanding the complexities of personal and social identity development. This approach helps in facilitating better therapeutic processes by acknowledging the multifaceted nature of identity.

In contrast, the other options focus on dimensions or aspects that don’t comprehensively capture the layered and interconnected nature of identity as articulated by